General Technical Documents

Grain Huller for Rice, Spelt Wheat, Quinoa, and Millet

Allen Dong and Roger Edberg, I-Tech, Public domain, 1989.

Short grain rice can be hulled at a rate of 200 g/min.  The percentage of rice hulled varies from 75 to 99% depending on the rice cultivars, the spacing between the stationary rubber disk and the rotating abrasive disk, and uniformit of spacing between the disks.

Cambodian Food Culture - 31/3/2023

by Sovanneary Huot, Dr. David Ader, Dr. Srean Pao, Dr. Ricky Bates, and Hans Goertz

This recipe and nutrition guide is written in Khmer and focuses on wild food plants, sometimes called neglected and underutilized species, of the country of Cambodia. Smallholders forage and/or cultivate plants with a diversity of functions, but this resource focuses on wild food plants and how to incorporate them into daily diets. Many wild food plants are nutrient-dense and include vital nutrients and minerals for human health. Information about these plants has been lost over time though elders in communities may still remember how to cultivate and/or cook them. This cookbook Cambodian Food Culture: Wild food plant dishes contains thirteen recipes highlighting wild food plants. Each recipe details ingredients and preparation steps for traditional dishes. Nutritional tables are at the end of the book. The authors state that "The purpose of this book is to promote the stewardship and understanding of the benefits and sues of wild food plants for everyday food consumption."

Beyond Borders: Satellite Applications for Humanitarian Emergencies - 20/8/2022

Humanitarian actors continually make complex decisions in the preparation for, and response to, humanitarian emergencies. Digital technologies support these decisionmaking processes by providing large volumes of high-quality data that enables insight. The term “digital data for development (D4D)” refers to the use of data generated by mobile, satellite, and digital devices to inform and strengthen nonprofit, humanitarian, and public-sector decision-making.

Satellite applications, as digital technology, provide a unique source of data about people and their surrounding environment and can fill significant data and information gaps in management and decision-making processes. Often this data may not exist in any other form (e.g., in remote or conflict areas). In other cases, satellite applications may offer data that is more frequent, more detailed, and more affordable than groundbased data sources, such as traditional maps, census data, bespoke surveys, ground teams, or even innovative methods like the use of drones.

Coffee Silverskin - 1/7/2022

Coffee silverskin is high in nutrients, but contains recalcitrant and phytotoxic compounds, limiting its use as a mulch or soil amendment. Fortunately, composting can reduce or eliminate these problems.

Composition

Coffee Silverskin (CS) is the membrane surrounding the coffee bean which separates from the bean during roasting (Figure 1). More-exterior layers, from endocarp outward, are removed prior to roasting, during coffee cherry processing. Thus, CS is the predominant waste created during bean roasting.

CS is largely composed of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose, probably in the form of a lignocellulosic matrix (Carnier et al 2019). Composition varies with the type of coffee and growing conditions. Examples of the varying composition are illustrated in Figure 2 and Table 1.

CS is high in nutrients, including N, P, K and a variety of micronutrients (Table 2). However, CS is also known to contain a number of potentially phytotoxic compounds including phenolics, chlorogenic acid, and caffeine (Gonzalez-Moreno et al 2020, Picca et al 2022). Some CS compounds also exhibit anti-fungal properties and CS extract has been proposed as an alternative wood preservative (Barbero-Lopez et al 2020).

CS as Soil Amendment or Mulch

The high nutrient content suggests that CS could be used as a fertilizer or soil amendment. However, it appears that the nitrogen is primarily bound in highly recalcitrant lignocellulosic compounds. The lack of available N means CS should not be considered a fertilizer or soil amendment (Carnier et al 2019).

Table 2. Example Nutrient Content of CS (adapted from Gonzalez-Moreno et al 2020)

The lignocellulosic content of CS should not pose a problem if used as a mulch. However, the phytogenic properties of some CS compounds suggests that heavy use of CS as a mulch should be avoided (Gonzalez-Moreno et al 2020, Picca et al 2022).

Fortunately, composting has been shown to degrade the phytogenic compounds in CS, providing a route for safely returning CS nutrients to the soil. Picca et al (2022) have shown that composting with garden prunings and biochar eliminated phytotoxicity while making nitrogen readily available. Gonzalez-Moreno et al (2020) demonstrated a similar outcome with vermicomposting. However, they noted that CS can be toxic to worms in high concentration.

References

Barbero-López, A., Monzó-Beltrán, J., Virjamo, V., Akkanen, J., & Haapala, A. (2020). Revalorization of coffee silverskin as a potential feedstock for antifungal chemicals in wood preservation. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 152, 105011.

Carnier, R., Berton, R. S., Coscione, A. R., Pires, A. M. M., & Corbo, J. Z. (2019). Coffee silverskin and expired coffee powder used as organic fertilizers.

González-Moreno, M. A., García Gracianteparaluceta, B., Marcelino Sádaba, S., Zaratiegui Urdin, J., Robles Domínguez, E., Pérez Ezcurdia, M. A., & Seco Meneses, A. (2020). Feasibility of vermicomposting of spent coffee grounds and silverskin from coffee industries: A laboratory study. Agronomy, 10(8), 1125.

Hijosa-Valsero, M., Garita-Cambronero, J., Paniagua-García, A. I., & Díez-Antolínez, R. (2018). Biobutanol production from coffee silverskin. Microbial cell factories, 17(1), 1-9.

Malara, A., Paone, E., Frontera, P., Bonaccorsi, L., Panzera, G., & Mauriello, F. (2018). Sustainable exploitation of coffee silverskin in water remediation. Sustainability, 10(10), 3547.

Narita, Y., & Inouye, K. (2014). Review on utilization and composition of coffee silverskin. Food Research International, 61, 16-22.

Picca, G., Plaza, C., Madejón, E., & Panettieri, M. (2022). Compositing of coffee silverskin with carbon rich materials leads to high quality soil amendments.

Food Safety Strategy for Africa 2022 - 2036 - 20/1/2022

Food safety is poised to play a key role in Africa’s agricultural transformation due increased demand for food fueled by the continent’s rapid population growth and the entry into force of the exciting era of the African Continental Free Trade (AfCFTA) Area Agreement. Within the broader context of Sanitary and PhytoSanitary (SPS) measures, food safety presents an enormous opportunity for food trade under the AfCFTA since over 75% of trade in Africa is dominated by agriculture products. However, Africa’s food safety records remain the worst compared to other regions, and accounts for 30% of global deaths associated with foodborne illnesses. Consumption of unsafe food accounts for approximately 137,000 deaths and about 91 million cases of acute foodborne illnesses on an annual basis in Africa, the highest estimates worldwide. Moreover, these foodborne diseases affect disproportionately the most vulnerable of the society, the infants, young children (under five years), pregnant women, the elderly and immunocompromised people. Besides the human suffering caused by foodborne illnesses, the economic impact on African economies due to unsafe foods is staggering.

A situation which if not addressed could seriously jeopardize the attainment of the goals set in the Malabo Declaration on Accelerated Agriculture growth and Transformation because of the cost of lost productivity to African economies the cost of lost opportunities in agriculture food trade gains that could prevent the achievement of the goal set of tripling intra-African trade by 2025.

The Food Safety Strategy of Africa (FSSA) will provide a harmonized framework to implement activities that mitigate various food safety threats that negatively impact consumers’ health. The strategy will help to address non-tariff barriers, particularly those related to Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures or standards that have the potential of slowing down the attainment of the Malabo Declaration aspirations and ultimately the African Union Agenda 2063 and related flagship programmes impacted by food safety. An additional benefit of the strategy will be reduction of duplication of efforts, facilitating synergy leveraging on resources and capabilities, and enhancing lesson learning and best practices. This strategy is developed as a tool for the implementation of the Continental SPS Policy Framework for Africa endorsed by AU policy organs in 2020.

Modern Beekeeping Practice and Honey Production - Nigeria's untapped goldmine - 20/1/2022

Submitted by the author for publication on ECHOcommunity  :  © 2022 Yusuf Olufade

No book on beekeeping can cover everything about such a vast subject, and so a decision was taken to steer the reader towards the practical rather than the theoretical side of the subject. It is hoped that, by doing so, this book should help to get you started. You can pick up the more theoretical aspects from specialist books and beekeeping journals and papers – the important thing now is to begin to explore the exciting world of beekeeping which is largely untapped in Nigeria.

This book will also let government at all levels, corporate bodies and Non-Governmental Organizations to know the most sustainable and workable business model for commercial scale modern beekeeping in Nigeria based on my thorough research and analyses.

Guía fotográfica rápida de ECHO sobre daños causados por plagas de insectos en comparación con otros daños en los cultivos - 7/4/2021

El daño causado por la alimentación de insectos u otra actividad de insectos puede parecerse a muchas enfermedades bacterianas, fúngicas o virales o síntomas de deficiencia de nutrientes de las plantas. Antes de tomar medidas contra una sospecha de infestación de insectos, verifique que los síntomas que observa no sean causados ​​por una infección bacteriana, viral o fúngica. Los insecticidas no son efectivos contra este tipo de infecciones y el uso inadecuado de insecticidas desperdicia valiosos recursos de los agricultores y puede matar insectos beneficiosos. Para realizar comparaciones visuales de enfermedades comunes y daños causados ​​por plagas, puede utilizar esta guía fotográfica rápida que incluye comparaciones fotográficas en paralelo de problemas de salud de las plantas que suelen confundirse.

Technical Sheet for the Intensive Rice Cultivation System (IRS) in Timbuktu, Mali - 20/10/2020

French only

Soil Testing Guidelines - CFGB - 20/4/2020

Soil infertility is a key constraint to improving crop production for small-scale farmers. Soils throughout Canadian Foodgrains Bank members’ program areas are degraded and deficient in nutrients and organic matter. Soil testing measures the soil’s health and nutrient holding capacity and provides a measure of nutrient status and health. It also serves as a  basis for crop and land management decisions. Soil testing has been advocated by technical specialists, government extension agents and through radio messaging. As a result, there is a growing demand from farmers and project partners for information on soil testing strategies and services. Farmers want specific guidance on which fertility inputs are best for their fields, and how much they should apply.

Given the wide range of available soil testing options, it is important to identify which tests are most useful for a given project, and for what reason. Some tests are helpful in developing recommendations for how farmers manage crops. Other tests may not help with crop management decisions, but are useful in training farmers to think about soil health. Still others are helpful in monitoring and evaluation of the effects of a project on soil nutrients and soil health. This guide is designed to help farmers and partners decide what soil tests are most important and cost-effective for their context.

Integración de Animales y Estrategias de Alimentación en Fincas de Pequeños Agricultores del Trópico - 5/10/2019

Integración de Animales y Estrategias de Alimentación en Fincas de Pequeños Agricultores del Trópico: Enfoques y métodos para aumentar la sostenibilidad y la rentabilidad

Una de las mejores cosas que uno puede hacer para completar su finca o huerto sostenible es balancearla con una pequeña unidad de ganadería. “La integración del ganado es el elemento fundamental #10 en mi libro “Sustainable Agriculture in the Tropics.” Si lee las Notas de Notas de ECHO Asia, es muy probable que usted esté involucrado de alguna manera en agricultura u horticultura. El ganado producirá fertilizante de bajo costo y de alta calidad y a la vez producirá alimento o material para confeccionar prendas de vestir. Aunque los científicos han intentado replicar los beneficios de los sistemas de ganadería integrados tradicionales, los resultados cuantificados no son siempre fáciles de mostrar en pruebas de campo.

En la finca Aloha en Puerto Princesa, Filipinas, calculamos que nuestros cerdos normalmente producen beneficios netos de US$30-40 por cabeza. Con 12 a 15 unidades en cosecha escalonada tienen el potencial de generar una ganancia de US$200-300 por trimestre. Además, empezamos a usar cubos de 20 litros para medir el volumen de estiércol de los cerdos y descubrimos que la producción de estiércol era de más de 25 metros cúbicos por trimestre por grupo de 12-15 cerdos. El estiércol se descompone en 10 metros cúbicos de compost, suficiente para fertilizar una hectárea de maíz dulce, generándonos una ganancia de US$300.

Además de esto, descubrimos que los residuos de rastrojo de maíz se pueden transformar en biocarbón, alimentar cabras o compostarlos con más estiércol de cerdo para continuar el ciclo. Somos mucho más diversos que la mayoría de las fincas, pero espero que este ejemplo le ayude a empezar a ver el valor asociado de un modelo integrado de cultivos y ganadería. Los animales en su finca tienen un tremendo potencial para aumentar la fertilidad del sistema en general sin necesidad de insumos externos caros.